{"id":1145,"date":"2024-03-14T13:17:12","date_gmt":"2024-03-14T13:17:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/congress.net\/?p=1145"},"modified":"2024-03-14T13:17:23","modified_gmt":"2024-03-14T13:17:23","slug":"herbert-hoover-31e-president-des-etats-unis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/american-politics.net\/fr\/herbert-hoover-31th-president-of-u-s\/","title":{"rendered":"Herbert Hoover, 31e pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Herbert Hoover \u00e9tait le 31e pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/strong>, en poste de 1929 \u00e0 1933. Il est n\u00e9 le 10 ao\u00fbt 1874 \u00e0 West Branch, dans l&#039;Iowa, et est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 le 20 octobre 1964 \u00e0 New York. Hoover, un <a href=\"https:\/\/american-politics.net\/fr\/parti-republicain\/\" title=\"Parti r\u00e9publicain des \u00c9tats-Unis\">R\u00e9publicain<\/a>, a pris ses fonctions juste avant le d\u00e9but de la <strong>La Grande D\u00e9pression<\/strong>, ce qui a fortement influenc\u00e9 sa pr\u00e9sidence.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"744\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/american-politics.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-jpeg.webp\" alt=\"Herbert Hoover, 31e pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis\" class=\"wp-image-1147\" srcset=\"https:\/\/american-politics.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-jpeg.webp 744w, https:\/\/american-politics.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-218x300.webp 218w, https:\/\/american-politics.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image-9x12.webp 9w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Herbert Hoover, 31e pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Aspirateur<\/strong> Il \u00e9tait un ing\u00e9nieur des mines accompli et un humanitaire avant de se lancer en politique. Il a acquis une reconnaissance internationale pour ses efforts en mati\u00e8re d&#039;aide humanitaire pendant et apr\u00e8s <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" title=\"Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale\">Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale<\/a>, notamment pour son leadership dans l&#039;effort de secours belge, qui visait \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer les p\u00e9nuries alimentaires dans la Belgique occup\u00e9e par les Allemands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La pr\u00e9sidence de Hoover fut toutefois entach\u00e9e par le d\u00e9but de la Grande D\u00e9pression, qui d\u00e9buta avec le krach boursier de 1929. Malgr\u00e9 ses efforts pour faire face \u00e0 la crise \u00e9conomique, notamment en encourageant le volontariat et les projets de travaux publics, Hoover ne parvint pas \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer efficacement les effets de la Grande D\u00e9pression. Son administration fut critiqu\u00e9e pour son intervention limit\u00e9e dans l&#039;\u00e9conomie, qui, selon beaucoup, aggravait la situation de millions d&#039;Am\u00e9ricains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hoover a \u00e9t\u00e9 battu \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e9lection pr\u00e9sidentielle de 1932 par <a href=\"https:\/\/american-politics.net\/fr\/franklin-d-roosevelt-32e-president-des-etats-unis\/\" title=\"Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32e pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis\">Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a>, qui a ensuite mis en \u0153uvre des r\u00e9formes \u00e9conomiques radicales connues sous le nom de New Deal pour combattre la Grande D\u00e9pression. Apr\u00e8s avoir quitt\u00e9 ses fonctions, Hoover est rest\u00e9 actif dans la vie publique, \u00e9crivant beaucoup et conseillant les pr\u00e9sidents suivants sur les questions \u00e9conomiques. Malgr\u00e9 les d\u00e9fis auxquels il a \u00e9t\u00e9 confront\u00e9 pendant sa pr\u00e9sidence, les contributions de Hoover aux efforts humanitaires et son travail philanthropique ult\u00e9rieur ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 reconnus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Politiques d&#039;Herbert Hoover :<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les politiques d&#039;Herbert Hoover durant sa pr\u00e9sidence ont \u00e9t\u00e9 largement influenc\u00e9es par sa croyance en une intervention gouvernementale limit\u00e9e et par son exp\u00e9rience d&#039;ing\u00e9nieur et d&#039;humanitaire accompli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cependant, le d\u00e9but de la <strong>La Grande D\u00e9pression l&#039;a forc\u00e9 \u00e0 adapter son approche de la politique \u00e9conomique<\/strong>, bien qu&#039;il ait h\u00e9sit\u00e9 \u00e0 adopter pleinement une intervention gouvernementale de grande envergure. Parmi les politiques et actions cl\u00e9s men\u00e9es pendant la pr\u00e9sidence de Hoover, on peut citer :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Volontarisme<\/strong>:Hoover a d&#039;abord pr\u00f4n\u00e9 le volontarisme, encourageant les entreprises \u00e0 maintenir les salaires et \u00e0 \u00e9viter les licenciements pour lutter contre la crise \u00e9conomique. Il pensait que l&#039;entreprise priv\u00e9e et l&#039;initiative individuelle conduiraient \u00e0 la reprise \u00e9conomique.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Projets de travaux publics<\/strong>:Hoover a soutenu des projets de travaux publics pour stimuler l&#039;activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et cr\u00e9er des emplois. Son administration a lanc\u00e9 quelques projets d&#039;infrastructures, comme le barrage Hoover, mais ces efforts \u00e9taient limit\u00e9s par rapport \u00e0 l&#039;ampleur des programmes ult\u00e9rieurs du New Deal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tarifs<\/strong>:Hoover a sign\u00e9 le Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act en 1930, qui a augment\u00e9 les droits de douane sur des milliers de produits import\u00e9s. Ce tarif \u00e9tait destin\u00e9 \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les industries am\u00e9ricaines, mais il a entra\u00een\u00e9 des repr\u00e9sailles de la part d&#039;autres pays et a aggrav\u00e9 la Grande D\u00e9pression en r\u00e9duisant le commerce international.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R\u00e9serve f\u00e9d\u00e9rale<\/strong>:Hoover a fait pression sur la R\u00e9serve f\u00e9d\u00e9rale pour qu&#039;elle prenne des mesures afin de stabiliser le syst\u00e8me bancaire et de fournir des liquidit\u00e9s aux banques en difficult\u00e9. Cependant, ses efforts n&#039;ont pas suffi \u00e0 emp\u00eacher les faillites bancaires g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9es et l&#039;effondrement du syst\u00e8me bancaire.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Politique agricole<\/strong>:Hoover soutint des mesures visant \u00e0 aider les agriculteurs en difficult\u00e9, notamment l&#039;Agricultural Marketing Act de 1929, qui visait \u00e0 stabiliser les prix agricoles gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&#039;intervention du gouvernement. Cependant, ces efforts furent largement inefficaces pour r\u00e9soudre la crise agricole.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de financement de la reconstruction (RFC)<\/strong>:Hoover a cr\u00e9\u00e9 la RFC en 1932 pour octroyer des pr\u00eats aux banques, aux chemins de fer et \u00e0 d&#039;autres entreprises afin de stimuler la reprise \u00e9conomique. Bien que la RFC ait apport\u00e9 un certain soulagement, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 critiqu\u00e9e pour ne pas avoir fait assez pour s&#039;attaquer aux causes sous-jacentes de la Grande D\u00e9pression.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans l\u2019ensemble, les politiques de Hoover pendant la <strong>La Grande D\u00e9pression<\/strong> Ils se caract\u00e9risaient par une croyance dans le volontarisme et une intervention gouvernementale limit\u00e9e, qui se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es insuffisantes pour faire face \u00e0 la gravit\u00e9 de la crise \u00e9conomique. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sa r\u00e9ticence \u00e0 recourir \u00e0 des interventions plus agressives a ouvert la voie aux programmes du New Deal de Franklin D. Roosevelt, qui ont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 une expansion plus significative de l\u2019implication du gouvernement dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Herbert Hoover was the 31st President of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. He was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa, and died on October 20, 1964, in New York City. Hoover, a Republican, assumed office just before the onset of the Great Depression, which heavily influenced his presidency. Hoover [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1145","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-presidents-of-united-states"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Herbert Hoover was the 31st President of the U.S., from 1929 to 1933. 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