{"id":3952,"date":"2024-10-28T09:58:20","date_gmt":"2024-10-28T09:58:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/congress.net\/?p=3952"},"modified":"2024-10-16T10:22:08","modified_gmt":"2024-10-16T10:22:08","slug":"herbert-hoover-le-president-republicain-au-milieu-de-la-grande-depression","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/american-politics.net\/fr\/herbert-hoover-the-republican-president-amidst-the-great-depression\/","title":{"rendered":"Herbert Hoover : le pr\u00e9sident r\u00e9publicain au c\u0153ur de la Grande D\u00e9pression"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Herbert Hoover, 31e pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis, a pris ses fonctions en pleine Grande D\u00e9pression, l&#039;une des crises \u00e9conomiques les plus d\u00e9vastatrices de l&#039;histoire am\u00e9ricaine. Sa r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 ce d\u00e9fi sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent allait fa\u00e7onner son h\u00e9ritage et le destin de la nation pour les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\n<h2>Herbert Hoover : une r\u00e9ponse r\u00e9publicaine \u00e0 la Grande D\u00e9pression<\/h2>\n<p>Hoover, un homme d&#039;affaires et ing\u00e9nieur r\u00e9publicain de premier plan, croyait fermement aux principes du laissez-faire \u00e9conomique. Il consid\u00e9rait la Grande D\u00e9pression comme une correction temporaire du march\u00e9 qui se corrigerait d&#039;elle-m\u00eame sans intervention du gouvernement. La premi\u00e8re r\u00e9ponse de Hoover \u00e0 la crise fut d&#039;encourager l&#039;industrie priv\u00e9e \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre le probl\u00e8me. Il exhorta les entreprises \u00e0 maintenir les salaires et la production, et il accorda des pr\u00eats aux banques et aux entreprises.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, \u00e0 mesure que la crise s&#039;aggravait, la confiance de Hoover dans les capacit\u00e9s d&#039;auto-gu\u00e9rison du march\u00e9 s&#039;est estomp\u00e9e. Il a progressivement adopt\u00e9 une approche plus interventionniste, augmentant les d\u00e9penses publiques consacr\u00e9es aux projets d&#039;infrastructures et cr\u00e9ant une agence f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de cr\u00e9dit pour aider les entreprises en difficult\u00e9. N\u00e9anmoins, Hoover est rest\u00e9 r\u00e9ticent \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre des programmes de protection sociale de grande envergure ou \u00e0 aider directement les millions d&#039;Am\u00e9ricains au ch\u00f4mage.<\/p>\n<h2>Les politiques de Hoover et la crise \u00e9conomique<\/h2>\n<p>Les politiques de Hoover ont \u00e9t\u00e9 vivement critiqu\u00e9es par les d\u00e9mocrates comme par les r\u00e9publicains progressistes. Les critiques ont fait valoir que son inaction initiale avait aggrav\u00e9 la crise, tandis que ses interventions ult\u00e9rieures se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es insuffisantes. Le tarif Smoot-Hawley, adopt\u00e9 en 1930, a port\u00e9 les tarifs douaniers \u00e0 des niveaux record, d\u00e9clenchant une guerre commerciale et aggravant la d\u00e9pression. Le refus de Hoover d&#039;apporter une aide directe aux pauvres et aux ch\u00f4meurs a \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme cruel et inefficace.<\/p>\n<p>De plus, la politique de Hoover fut mise \u00e0 mal par l&#039;impasse politique au Congr\u00e8s. Les d\u00e9mocrates contr\u00f4laient la Chambre des repr\u00e9sentants, tandis que les r\u00e9publicains d\u00e9tenaient une faible majorit\u00e9 au S\u00e9nat. Cette division partisane emp\u00eacha Hoover de mettre en place des mesures plus globales pour faire face \u00e0 la crise. En 1932, l&#039;\u00e9conomie avait atteint son point le plus bas, le ch\u00f4mage atteignant 251 000 000 $. La popularit\u00e9 du pr\u00e9sident Hoover s&#039;effondra alors que la nation cherchait de plus en plus d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9ment une solution \u00e0 la Grande D\u00e9pression.<\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La pr\u00e9sidence d&#039;Herbert Hoover a \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9e par ses opinions \u00e9conomiques conservatrices et sa r\u00e9ticence \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre une intervention gouvernementale de grande envergure pendant la Grande D\u00e9pression. Son approche initiale de non-intervention n&#039;a pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 endiguer la crise et ses politiques ult\u00e9rieures ont \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme inad\u00e9quates et politiquement motiv\u00e9es. L&#039;h\u00e9ritage de Hoover reste li\u00e9 \u00e0 la gravit\u00e9 de la Grande D\u00e9pression, qu&#039;il n&#039;a pas su pr\u00e9venir ou att\u00e9nuer efficacement.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Herbert Hoover, 31e pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis, a d\u00fb faire face \u00e0 la t\u00e2che ardue de guider le pays pendant la Grande D\u00e9pression. Ses politiques r\u00e9publicaines, fond\u00e9es sur une intervention gouvernementale limit\u00e9e, ont fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 sa r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 cette crise \u00e9conomique sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3952","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.8 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Herbert Hoover, the 31st U.S. President, faced the daunting task of navigating the nation through the Great Depression. 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